Encyclopedia of new religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

In contemporary society the process of religious education should be along and commensurate with today's changes and it must also be innovative in reviewing religious education methods so that it could meet the needs of its addressees. This article aims to study the reasons which substantiate the existence of innovation in religious education. This is a case study research conducted with reliance on narrative and scientific sources. Efforts have been made to study and demonstrate, through such sources, the necessity of innovation in religious education according to religious, scientific and philosophical foundations. The results show that philosophy, religion and psychology underscores the importance of innovation in religious education. On this basis, it is highly important to give more attention to the subject of innovation in religious education.

This paper argues that it is not reasonable for a critical rationalist to be a religious believer in the Abrahamic tradition. The argument is distinctive, in that it takes seriously the critical rationalist view that we should abandon ‘justificationist’ argument. What this means, is that the structure of argument then becomes a matter of offering theories as resolutions of problems, and then judging how they fare in the face of ongoing critical appraisal. The paper surveys issues in several areas, including God and what is good; homosexuality; mysticism; and messianic ideas. It argues that, unless the believer engages in intellectual retreat (something that is unacceptable for the critical rationalist), the problem-situation facing the believer appears to be so daunting that it would be unreasonable for them to hope that they can overcome it.

The Qur'an contains religious values ​​for the advancement of man to happiness. The claim is that Quranic teachings are the basis of religious values; By choosing it better, the method of proving religious beliefs can be extracted. This research tries to extract the method of proving religious beliefs with a business approach and by using artistic forms with a descriptive and analytical method and with a better selection of Quranic teachings. Based on the verses, the process was defined as the introduction to the institutionalization of religious values ​​in the businessman 1- Gaining self-knowledge (knowing the talents, capacities, existential dimensions and position of man in the universe); 2- Gaining monotheistic insight (knowing the origin and your relationship with the Creator); 3- Reciprocity is (knowing the destination and drawing the path of happiness in the universe). After the realization of these three stages, the beliefs must be proven through rational and scientific reasoning and penetrate, in this case, the acceptance of good qualities in the businessman will be facilitated.

An important issue in the communication field is the diffusion of a certain new thought, value, fashion, etc. in societies. innovation (especially in its intellectual and cultural senses) and the manner of its diffusion can be traced and discussed according to the Holy Quran under issues such as Prophets' propagation traditions and the Quranic method of convincing audiences. Here we have adopted Rogers's and Shoemaker's theory (diffusion of innovations) as the conceptual framework. The question is how the Quran qualify its divine message, i.e. Islam, so it could be accepted by people. What desirable qualities should the change factor have from the Islamic perspective? Which element would be more effective on accepting innovation, fear or reward? Is there any difference between the preliminary stage of introducing innovations and its relative stabilization? To answer these we have used quantity content analysis and topic-based interpretation of the Quran. The results refer to the desired features of innovation, namely correctness, truthfulness, conformity with needs and characteristics of target society, comprehensiveness and relative perfection, facility of use, … and those of the change factor, namely benevolence, compassion, expert orientation, reliability and acceptability, observance of ethical norms in convincing individuals,… Finally when it concerns the method of convincing people, Islam gives prominence to punishment, fear and mentioning the disadvantages of ignoring innovation rather than rewards.

Four important ways of religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.

In modern times many militant atheist thinkers and activists have tried to promote the idea that religions, as well as religious ways of life, are one of the main, if not the main source of evil in the social arena. Some other non-believer scholars, while taking a respectful approach towards religions and religious people, maintaining that it is more rational for people and communities to adopt a non-religious outlook on life and become members of the community of non-believers. In this paper, I do not take issue with the militant non-believers. The reason is that their approach to religion is so ideologically driven that it leaves not much room for proper rational discussions; it only invites some polemical replies. My aim here is, instead, to enter into a dialogue with those non-believer scholars who view religion in a measured and rational way. My intention is to critically assess the claims of this latter group of scholars and explain why, contrary to what they suggest, certain interpretations of religion, and in particular, the Islamic faith, can provide them with better alternatives than their atheist outlooks. The arguments of this paper are mostly in reply to the views expressed by Professor Shearmur in his paper on critical rationalism and religion.

Creativity, problem recognition, implementation and value for support by innovation are necessary and privacy none not become redound into innovation. individual, teams and or organizations without creativity not may to reduction one problem into opportunity and creation of value toward self clientele. Implementation successful also author become creation value and add value, that extend to all agent. Managers must attended to this point that is not tools alone element advance and promotion, rather must linkage narrowing to visible inter need and problem that tools power eliminate, any tools upon other tools not preference, unless eliminate special need. This paper to logical framework and watchful study to peruse the 18 basic and main tools at research circle by variety tools of the innovation management ten of technique, that gain top value of average experts esteem and to making concept innovation dimension by viewpoint main agent and those figure to explain place agent to arena of the innovation management. Between agent and these efficacy not exist one to one linkage. May be diverse agent realization diverse activity. Agent have variety role, like, make tools, promotion usage, helping of agent. Also according to the to the study, 54%, universities creator of tools and 54% of the companies use techniques and instruments are introduced, 61% believe that consultant company most of help to be companies in the bear of use techniques, Some 20% of the actors in the study stated that they have successfully used IMTs in their own organization, inclusive are industrial firm and consultant firm and exist plus correlation between.

Akbar the Great's reforms at the end of the 16th century in India is an important issue. These reforms were opposed by Muslim religious scholars. During Aurangzeb's reign, these oppositions led to the dominance of conservative scholars against Akbar's religious reforms. The consequence of this situation was the emergence of signs of degeneration among the Muslim communities of India. It was in such a situation that Shah Valiullah Dehlavi, in order to discover the causes of degeneration, started a modernist approach to the Islamic tradition by looking from within the religious texts. This research aims to investigate the impact of Akbar Shah Gorkani's reforms on the religious innovation of Valiullah Dehlavi by using the historical research method and the application of Hegel's dialectic theory, relying on historical sources and the works of Wali Allah. The findings of the research show that Akbar Shah's reforms can be explained as a thesis, Muslim scholars' opposition to it as an antithesis, and finally Wali Allah's modernization can be explained as a synthesis.

Development of Technology is one of the main factors of political change of the modem world. A technological change could change nature and structure of political arrangements of the society. This restructuring of the society could happen by economic and professional change, by creating new division of labor, by creating new classes and new resources, and so on. In this article, first of all, a definition of innovation and distinction between invention and innovation is elaborated. At the second part of the article a review of theoretical literature is presented. And at the final part of the article the result of the statistical analysis is presented. The results show that institutional variables are more important to explain innovation.